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This clip is from the unusual 1940 15 minutes educational film, Goodbye Mr. Germ, produced by the National Tuberculosis Association (now the American Lung Association). TB is a contagious and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB has been present in the human population since antiquity - fragments of the spinal column from Egyptian mummies from 2400 BCE show definite signs of tuberculosis. The term phthisis, consumption ...

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The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per ...

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On March 23, 1989 the Exxon Valdez an oil supertanker operated by Exxon left the port of Valdez headed for Long beach, CA with almost 54 million gallons of crude oil on board. Shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989, the supertanker collided with Bligh Reef, a well known navigation hazard, ruptured 8 of its 11 cargo tanks and spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into the pristine waters of Prince William Sound. The result was catastrophic. Although the spill was radioed in shortly after ...

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Chances are you never had diphtheria. You probably dont know anyone who has suffered from this disease, either. In fact, you may not know what diphtheria is. Similarly, diseases like whooping cough (pertussis), measles, mumps, and German measles (rubella) may be unfamiliar to you. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, these illnesses struck hundreds of thousands of people in the United States each year, mostly children, and tens of thousands of people died. The names of these diseases were ...

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For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals, a toxoid vaccine might be the answer. These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. Scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins by treating them with formalin, a solution of formaldehyde and sterilized water. Such detoxified toxins, called toxoids, are safe for use in vaccines. When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin ...

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The smallpox vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. The vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia which is a pox-type virus related to smallpox. The smallpox vaccine contains the live vaccinia virus—not dead virus like many other vaccines. For that reason, the vaccination site must be cared for carefully to prevent the virus from spreading. Also, the vaccine can have side effects. In the past, about 1000 people for every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time ...

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Immunity to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a persons system. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific. For example, measles antibody will protect a person who is exposed to measles disease, but will have no effect if he or she is exposed to mumps. There are two types of immunity: active and passive. Active immunity results when exposure to a disease ...

Tags: Influenza seasonal flu H1N1 infectious disease infection occupational health healthcare nurse worker CDC pandemic active passive immunity vaccination vaccine public inoculation germs immune system antibodies bacteria virus microbe

Infections are the most common cause of human disease. They range from the common cold and influenza to debilitating conditions like chronic hepatitis and Lymes disease to life-threatening diseases such as AIDS. Immunity to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a persons system. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific. Long ago, physicians realized that ...

Tags: Influenza seasonal flu H1N1 infectious disease infection occupational health healthcare nurse worker CDC pandemic active passive immunity vaccination vaccine public inoculation germs immune system antibodies bacteria virus microbe

Infectious diseases are transmitted from human to human primarily by three routes: (1) direct contact with an infected patients blood or secretions or a contaminated surface; (2) transmission via large droplets; or (3) transmission via small droplets (aerosolization or airborne). With most respiratory pathogens, including influenza, the relative contribution of each of these types of transmission has not been adequately studied. This paucity of definitive data on influenza transmission is a ...

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Although infectious exposures to healthcare workers had long been recognized, with the emergence of HIV/AIDS and the resurgence of tuberculosis in the 1980s, emphasis was refocused on PPE for the protection of healthcare workers in all settings. PPE for healthcare includes the respirators, gowns, gloves, face shields, eye protection, and other equipment that will be used by healthcare workers and others in their day-to-day patient care responsibilities. Medical masks (surgical or procedure ...

Tags: Influenza flu H1N1 disease infection transmission spread route exposure contact droplet aerosol nuclei IOM occupational health worker OSHA CDC NIOSH pandemic Tb measles SARS mask N95 respirator PPE PAPR gloves gown controls